Valentin Alekseevich Sobolev. FSB generals: names, positions. Management of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation Nikolay Vasilievich Klimashin
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Lua error in Module:CategoryForProfession on line 52: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value).Valentin Alekseevich Sobolev(b. March 11, 1947 in the village of Gudri-Olum, Kizyl-Atrek district, Ashgabat region of the Turkmen SSR), figure in the Soviet and Russian state security agencies, colonel general.
Biography
He began his career in 1962 in the construction and installation department of the Ashgabatstroy trust in Ashgabat.
After graduating from the institute, he worked as a foreman and foreman in construction organizations in Ashgabat and Moscow.
In 1972, he received and accepted an offer to work in the USSR State Security Committee. Graduated from the Higher School of the KGB of the USSR (1974). Former secretary of the party committee of the KGB of the USSR.
In the early 1990s, he headed the Tomsk department of the KGB.
In 1994-1999, Deputy Director of the FSB (until 1995, FSK), in 1997-1999, First Deputy Director of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation.
He held the position of head of the FSB department for combating terrorism, then - the position of first deputy director of the FSB - head of the department for combating terrorism.
On December 11, 2012, he was unanimously elected President of the Association of Counterintelligence Veterans (ROO Vetkon).
Family
Married, has two daughters.
Awards
Awarded the Order of Courage, “For Services to the Fatherland” III and IV degrees, “For Military Merit”, medals, and the badge “For Service in Counterintelligence” I degree. Honorary counterintelligence officer.
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Excerpt characterizing Sobolev, Valentin Alekseevich
Right there, standing apart from everyone, Axel was literally transformed!.. The bored young man disappeared somewhere, in the blink of an eye, and in his place... stood the living embodiment of the most beautiful feelings on earth, who literally “devoured” him with a flaming gaze. a beautiful lady approaching him...“Oh-oh... how beautiful she is!..” Stella breathed out enthusiastically. – She is always so beautiful!..
- What, have you seen her many times? – I asked interestedly.
- Oh yeah! I go look at her very often. She's like spring, isn't she?
- And you know her?.. Do you know who she is?
“Of course!.. She is a very unhappy queen,” the little girl became a little sad.
- Why unhappy? Looks like she’s very happy to me,” I was surprised.
“This is just now... And then she will die... She will die very scary - they will cut off her head... But I don’t like to watch that,” Stella whispered sadly.
Meanwhile, the beautiful lady caught up with our young Axel and, seeing him, froze for a moment in surprise, and then, blushing charmingly, smiled at him very sweetly. For some reason, I had the impression that the world froze for a moment around these two people... As if for a very short moment there was nothing and no one around for them except the two of them... But the lady moved on , and the magical moment fell apart into thousands of short moments that wove between these two people into a strong sparkling thread, never to let them go...
Axel stood completely stunned and, again not noticing anyone around, looked after his beautiful lady, and his conquered heart slowly left with her... He did not notice the looks of the passing young beauties looking at him, and did not respond to their shining, inviting smiles.
Count Axel Fersen Marie Antoinette
As a person, Axel was, as they say, “both inside and out” very attractive. He was tall and graceful, with huge serious gray eyes, always amiable, reserved and modest, which attracted both women and men equally. His correct, serious face rarely lit up with a smile, but if this happened, then at such a moment Axel became simply irresistible... Therefore, it was completely natural for the charming female half to intensify the attention towards him, but, to their common regret, Axel was only interested in there is only one creature in the whole wide world - its irresistible, beautiful queen...
– Will they be together? – I couldn’t stand it. - They are both so beautiful!..
Valentin Alekseevich Sobolev(b. March 11, 1947 in the village of Gudri-Olum, Kizyl-Atrek district, Ashgabat region of the Turkmen SSR), figure in the Soviet and Russian state security agencies, colonel general.
Biography
Born into the family of a border guard officer.
He began his career in 1962 in the construction and installation department of the Ashgabatstroy trust in Ashgabat.
Graduated from the Moscow Civil Engineering Institute named after. V. V. Kuibysheva (1969).
After graduating from the institute, he worked as a foreman and foreman in construction organizations in Ashgabat and Moscow.
In 1972, he received and accepted an offer to work in the USSR State Security Committee. Graduated from the Higher School of the KGB of the USSR (1974). Former secretary of the party committee of the KGB of the USSR.
In the early 1990s, he headed the Tomsk department of the KGB.
In 1994-1999, Deputy Director of the FSB (until 1995, FSK), in 1997-1999, First Deputy Director of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation.
He held the position of head of the FSB department for combating terrorism, then - the position of first deputy director of the FSB - head of the department for combating terrorism.
Deputy Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation (1997-1999; 2008-2012), Acting Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation (2007-2008). In March 2012, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed a decree on the resignation of 65-year-old Valentin Sobolev. He was replaced in his position by Deputy Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation Evgeny Lukyanov.
On December 11, 2012, he was unanimously elected President of the Association of Counterintelligence Veterans (ROO Vetkon).
Family
Married, has two daughters.
Awards
He was awarded the Order of Courage, “For Merit to the Fatherland” III and IV degrees, “For Military Merit”, medals, and the badge “For Service in Counterintelligence” I degree. Honorary counterintelligence officer.
Golushko Nikolay Mikhailovich
He devoted his life to serving in state security agencies. He worked in a structural unit of counterintelligence of the USSR, Ukraine and Russia. 1992 became a landmark year, Golushko was awarded the rank of Colonel General. He first served as director of the Federal Security Service from 1993 to 1994. In Yeltsin's government he was approved as Minister of Security. He was awarded three orders and six medals, three of which were anniversary ones.
Russian politician. He was appointed second head of the security agencies, where Stepashin worked from 1994 to 1995 with the rank of Colonel General. Collaborated with the government of Yeltsin, Putin and Medvedev. Over the years he was Minister of Justice, Minister of Internal Affairs, Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and the Government of the Russian Federation. Awarded dozens of orders and medals.
A prominent figure in the government and military fields. He graduated from a military school, then studied at the Frunze Military Academy. He worked as director of the FSB from 1995 to 1996. Having received a leadership position, Barsukov was promoted to army general. He began his activities in the KGB and joined the Security Committee in 1964. In the 90s, he was appointed commandant of the Moscow Kremlin. Since 1995, he has been a member of the Russian Security Council. In 1997, Mikhail Ivanovich made a decision and resigned.
Along with his work in the special services, he is a prominent political figure. He headed the FSB from 1996 to 1998. In 1998, he was awarded the rank of Army General. Member of the State Duma of the third convocation. Currently, he continues to be active and holds positions in the government. He is a member of the Duma for ensuring security and combating corruption, and heads the State Duma in the OSCE parliamentary organization. After Kovalev, Vladimir Putin came to the leadership of the FSB; he is the only director with a military rank: colonel.
He was director of the FSB for a long time, from 1999 to 2008. The year 2001 became important; Patrushev was promoted to army general. And a year before the event - Hero of Russia. Patrushev was appointed Secretary of the Security Council in 2008. Two years earlier, Nikolai Platonovich was called one of Putin’s successors and a presidential candidate. He received dozens of state awards, including medals from foreign countries.
He has headed the leadership of the FSB since 2008. Two years before his appointment, Bortnikov became an army general. He holds the post of chairman in charge of the national anti-terrorism cabinet. Bortnikov works as the head of the Council of Security Agencies. Included in the permanent number of participants in the Russian Security Council. During his work he was awarded 8 orders.
FSB generals - first deputy directors
Zorin graduated from a pedagogical institute and began his career as a physics teacher in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1964 he joined the KGB. He holds the rank of Colonel General of the FSB. From 1995 to 1997 he was first deputy director of the FSB. Since 1995, he has held the position of head of the Anti-Terrorism Center of the FSB of the Russian Federation. Awarded orders, medals and badges of honor.
Klimashin Nikolay Vasilievich
A security officer, from 2004 to 2010 he was the first deputy director of the FSB. In 2009 he received the rank of army general. Over the years, Klimashin was a member of government commissions concerning security and disarmament issues. He is an active state adviser of the Russian Federation, 2nd class.
An employee of Russian state security agencies. Since 2013, he has been First Deputy Director of the FSB. He was awarded the rank of army general. Over the years, he was the head of the department for combating terrorism, was in the leadership of the FSB in the Chechen Republic and in the apparatus of the National Anti-Terrorism Committee. Awarded orders, medals and badges.
Pronichev Vladimir Egorovich
He headed the FSB Border Service from 2003 to 2013, a prominent figure in the domestic intelligence services. In 2002 he received the title of Hero of the Russian Federation, and in 2005 - the rank of army general. He worked in the border troops and the FSB, in 1999 he received the post of first deputy director of the FSB. He was one of the leaders of the operation to free hostages at the Dubrovka theater in 2002 (Nord Ost).
From 1994 to 1997, he served as First Deputy Director of the FSB. He holds the rank of Colonel General of the FSB. In Putin's government he was Deputy Minister of Security and Minister of Foreign Affairs. From 2004 to 2011, he served as the special representative of the president on international cooperation in the fight against terrorists. In 2005, he received the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Russia.
An employee of the Russian Federal Security Service. He has served in the authorities since 1974. He has held the rank of Army General since 2006. In 2001, he became the head of the FSB for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. Two years later he received the post of first deputy director of the FSB. He is an honorary foreign intelligence officer and has been awarded orders and medals testifying to his services to the fatherland.
Sobolev Valentin Alekseevich
A figure in the security agencies of both the USSR and the Russian Federation. He holds the rank of Colonel General of the FSB. He began working for the State Security Committee in 1972, and two years later he graduated from the FSB Higher School. From 1997 to 1999, he served as First Deputy Director of the FSB. Over the years, he held the positions of head of the FSB for combating terrorism, and was Deputy Secretary of Security of the Russian Federation. In 2012, he was appointed President of Veterans of Counterintelligence.
A prominent statesman, he began his career working in the investigative committee. He holds the rank of reserve colonel general and police general. He was the director of the drug trafficking service. He was a member of the State Duma of the sixth convocation from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. He worked in the Federal Security Bodies, from 1998 to 2000 he served as Deputy Director of the FSB.
FSB generals – deputy directors
He worked as Deputy Director of the FSB from 2002 to 2005. He was awarded the rank of Colonel General. From 2002 to 2004 he was the head of the Inspection Department. He was one of the leaders of the operational headquarters that freed hostages during the terrorist attack at the Beslan school in 2004. Was sent to the reserve of the Federal Security Service in 2005.
Bespalov Alexander Alexandrovich
He worked in the border troops and collaborated with state security agencies since 1961. He was deputy chief and head of the KGB for the Transcaucasian district. He worked as the head of the 8th department of the KGB of the USSR. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, he remained in the police. In 1995, he was awarded the rank of Colonel General. From 1995 to 1999, he served as Deputy Director of the FSB.
Public and statesman. He holds the rank of Colonel General of the FSB. He worked as Deputy Director of the Federal Security Service from 2006 to 2008. Since 2016, he has been heading the Federal Customs Service of Russia. He worked as the official representative of the President for the North-Western District, and Deputy Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation.
From 2005 to 2013, he served as Deputy Director of the FSB. He was awarded the rank of Colonel General. Serves in state security agencies since 1971. He has repeatedly expressed the opinion that the main task of the FSB is the fight against terrorism. To do this, it is necessary to constantly improve and modernize the weapons of the Russian armed forces.
Bykov Andrey Petrovich
He graduated from the Bauman Higher School and worked in state security agencies since 1966. He was deputy chief and head of the Operational and Technical Department of the KGB. Then he joined the FSB. He worked as deputy director from 1994 to 1996. Subsequently, he was a member of the directors of Rostelecom and Rosvooruzhenie. He holds the rank of Colonel General.
Gorbunov Yuri Sergeevich
He holds the military rank of Colonel General of Justice. He worked as Deputy Director of the FSB from 2005 to 2015. The main position held is State Secretary. He began working in security agencies in 1977, before that he worked at a research institute studying automatic systems. He is a Doctor of Law and has state awards.
Grigoriev Alexander Andreevich
A prominent statesman, he headed the Federal Agency for Internal Reserves from 2001 to 2008, until his death. He held the military rank of Colonel General. From 1998 to 2001 he served as adviser to the director of the FSB. Participated in military operations in Afghanistan. Awarded 4 orders and 2 medals (one of them was awarded by the government of Kyrgyzstan).
Ezhkov Anatoly Pavlovich
He holds the rank of Colonel General. Prominent figure in state security agencies. From 2001 to 2003 he worked as the head of the FSB for the North Caucasus District. From 2001 to 2004 he was Deputy Director of the FSB. Sent into retirement after militants attacked the Central Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ingushetia. Subsequently, he collaborated with government agencies at Sibur, where he managed the security system.
Zhdankov Alexander Ivanovich
Prominent statesman. Awarded the rank of lieutenant general. From 2001 to 2004 he worked as Deputy Director of the FSB. He was the head of the department responsible for protecting the constitutional order and combating terrorism. Since 2007, he was appointed auditor of the Accounts Chamber of Russia. He has many awards: orders, medals, memorial signs.
Zaostrovtsev Yuri Evgenievich
He holds the rank of Colonel General of the FSB. He worked as Deputy Director of the Federal Security Service from 2000 to 2004. He was the head of the economic security department. From 2004 to 2007 he worked as Deputy Chairman of Vnesheconombank. Since 1998, he has been an acting adviser to the President, 1st class.
This is a prominent statesman. He served as Deputy Director of the FSB from 1999 to 2000. He holds the rank of lieutenant general. For eight years, from 2008 to 2016, he served as director of the state drug control service. He was the chairman of the state anti-drug committee. Since 2012, he has been considered an active state adviser to the President, 1st class.
Political and military figure, began his work during the USSR. He holds the rank of Colonel General, but is in the reserves. From 1998 to 1999 he was Deputy Director of the FSB. From 2001 to 2007 – Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation. He was awarded dozens of orders, and in 2006 he became a laureate of the national award “Russian of the Year”. Currently he is the Presidential Representative on Environmental Affairs.
Activist of security agencies. He holds the rank of Colonel General. From 1999 to 2004 he was Deputy Director of the FSB. The main position held is the head of the Department involved in analysis, forecasting and strategic planning. Komogorov also works as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Military Sports Foundation.
Kupryazhkin Alexander Nikolaevich
He took the post of Deputy Director of the FSB in 2011, and currently holds the same position. Awarded the rank of Colonel General. Kupryazkin has been working in state security agencies since 1983. He held the position of head of the FSB's internal security department. Awarded orders and medals.
Lovyrev Evgeniy Nikolaevich
He worked as Deputy Director of the FSB from 2001 to 2004. Lovyrev’s main position is the head of the Department responsible for the organizational work of the FSB with personnel. He holds the rank of Colonel General. He is an active member of the Presidium of the Civil Committee on Interaction with Law Enforcement Agencies.
Mezhakov Igor Alekseevich
He began his work in the State Security Committee of the USSR. Already in 1972 he became the head of the 5th Directorate of the KGB of Kazakhstan. In 1986 he moved to the KGB inspection department. In 1991, he was a member of the commission that investigated the August coup. He served as deputy director of the FSB for several months, from February to September 1995. Awarded the rank of lieutenant general.
Russian politician. He worked as Minister of Internal Affairs from 2004 to 2012. In 2005 he received the rank of army general. He began working in the KGB in 1981, before that he worked as a physics teacher in a small village. In 1999, he was appointed head of the FSB in charge of combating drug smuggling. From 2000 to 2002 he worked as Deputy Director of the FSB of Russia.
Osobenkov Oleg Mikhailovich
He holds the rank of Colonel General. He worked as Deputy Director of the FSB from 1996 to 1998. Headed the department of analysis, forecast and strategic development of the FSB. Since 1999, he has been a member of the board of Aeroflot. Currently, he is the head of the personnel department of Aeroflot OJSC.
Pereverzev Petr Tikhonovich
Colonel General of the reserve, began his journey as a simple cadet at a military school. Participated in the Afghan War. From 2000 to 2004, he worked as Deputy Director of the FSB and served as Head of the Operations Support Department. He has a number of state awards - medals and orders.
Pechenkin Valery Pavlovich
He devoted thirty years of his life to working in the security agencies of the USSR and Russia. In the 90s he headed the department of the Ministry of Security for the Novosibirsk region. From 1997 to 2000 he worked as Deputy Director of the FSB. He was the head of the counterintelligence operations department and headed the counterintelligence department. Military rank: Colonel General.
Ponomarenko Boris Fedoseevich
Since 1968 he worked in the KGB. He holds the military rank of lieutenant general in reserve. From 1996 to 1997 he was Deputy Director of the Federal Security Service. In 1997, Ponomarenko was approved as Deputy Chairman of the Telecommunications Commission. Two years later, he was elected chairman of the Board of Directors of Svyazinvest.
Politician and entrepreneur. Worked in the KGB and FSB. In 1993 he received the rank of major general. From January to December 1994 he served as deputy director of the FSB. He worked as the head of the Federal Disaster Control Department for Moscow and the Moscow region. He worked as Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration. In 2015, he was appointed chairman of the council for the protection of intellectual property.
He has been working in security agencies since 1983. Military rank – lieutenant general. In 2015, Sirotkin was appointed deputy director of the FSB of the Russian Federation. He still holds this position. He works as the chief of staff of the National Anti-Terrorism Committee.
Soloviev Evgeniy Borisovich
From 1999 to 2001, he served as Deputy Director of the FSB of Russia. Military rank – Colonel General. Headed the Department of Organizational and Personnel Work of the Federal Security Service. In 2001, Solovyov was appointed Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia. In 2003 he became a laureate of the Andropov Prize.
Strelkov Alexander Alexandrovich
State security official. He holds the military rank of Colonel General. He worked as Deputy Director of the FSB from 1994 to 2000, and since 1997 he headed the Department for Supporting the Activities of the FSB. Today he is a member of the Council for Government Interaction with Associations of Veterans and Reserve Officers.
An employee of Russian state security agencies, a political figure in Russia. He holds the military rank of army general. Since 2015, he has held the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs on issues related to combating global terrorism. He began his career in security agencies in 1979. From 2000 to 2004 he worked as Deputy Director of the FSB. Involved in preparations for the 2014 Winter Olympics.
Activist of security agencies. He holds the military rank of Colonel General. He began his career in the KGB in 1983. He was the head of the FSB for the Novosibirsk region. He headed the Council of Chiefs of FSB agencies in the Siberian Federal District. From 2013 to 2015, he served as deputy head of the Russian FSB. He headed the National Anti-Terrorism Cabinet.
Timofeev Valery Alexandrovich
He began his work as an operational commissioner. He served as Deputy Director of the FSB from 1994 to 1995. Military rank – Colonel General. Worked as Deputy Minister of Education. Recognized as an Honored Worker of the Security Agencies of the Russian Federation. Awarded medals, orders and badges of honor.
Trofimov Anatoly Vasilievich
He served as Deputy Director of the FSB from 1995 to 1997. He worked as the head of the FSB in Moscow and the Moscow region. Military rank – Colonel General. Served in the KGB since 1962. He was shot in 2005, the killer was never found. At the time of the murder he was working as deputy director of the Finvest company.
State security officer. He died the day after he was awarded the rank of admiral. Since 1975, he served in counterintelligence agencies in the naval forces. He distinguished himself in the interethnic conflict in Transcaucasia. He was the leader of the participants in the withdrawal of the flotilla from the Caspian Sea to Baku after the collapse of the USSR. He served as deputy director of the FSB from 1999 to 2001, until his death. In 2000, Ugryumov was awarded the title of Hero of Russia.
Ushakov Vyacheslav Nikolaevich
Since 1975 he has worked in state security agencies. From 2003 to 2011, he worked as Deputy Director of the FSB, his main position being State Secretary. He was scandalously dismissed from the authorities in 2011 due to violations of official ethics. He holds the military rank of Colonel General. Ushakov oversaw the information support of the FSB of the Russian Federation, the public relations center of state security agencies.
Tsarenko Alexander Vasilievich
State security officer. He began his service back in Soviet times. He was deputy chief and head of the FSB for Moscow and the Moscow region. From 1997 to 2000, he was Deputy Director of the Russian FSB. From 2000 to 2011, he served as head of the special programs department of the President of Russia. Military rank: Colonel General.
Shalkov Dmitry Alexandrovich
A member of the Russian intelligence services and a prominent political figure. Since 2018, he was appointed head of the control department of the President of Russia. He holds the rank of Colonel General of Justice. In 2015, he was appointed to the position of deputy director of the Federal Security Service of Russia.
Shultz Vladimir Leopoldovich
State security officer, sociologist and social philosopher. He is a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Philosophy. He holds the military rank of Colonel General. From 2000 to 2003 he was Deputy Director of the FSB and Secretary of State. Shultz is an honorary counterintelligence officer and laureate of a government award in the field of science.
He has held the position of Deputy Director of the FSB from 2016 to the present. He began his career in the State Security Committee in 1987. Military rank – lieutenant general. He holds the post of Minister of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense and Disaster Relief. He is also a member of the Security Council of the Russian Federation.
Heads of the FSB service
Conversation Sergey Orestovich
From 2009 to the present, he has held the position of head of the Fifth Service of the FSB. This is a service for operational information and international relations. He holds the rank of Colonel General of the FSB. Included in the European Union sanctions list since 2014. In 2014, he signed an agreement with an employee of the Serbian government on the mutual protection of classified information.
A member of the intelligence services of the USSR and the Russian Federation, he holds the rank of Colonel General. In 1979 he graduated from the KGB Higher Courses. He was the head of the FSB in Mordovia, then in the Chelyabinsk region. In 2004, he was appointed head of the counter-terrorism service of the FSB of the Russian Federation. In 2008, he received the position of Deputy Director of the FSB for technical and export control.
Ignashchenkov Yuri Yurievich
From 2007 to 2013, he headed the FSB Control Service. He holds the military rank of Colonel General. He began his service in the KGB and served in various positions. In 2004, he was the head of the FSB Directorate for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region, after which he was transferred to Moscow. Today he is the chairman of the All-Russian Physical Culture Society "Dynamo".
Kryuchkov Vladimir Vasilievich
Since 2012, the Colonel General has headed the FSB Control Service. He began working in security agencies in 1977 and graduated from the KGB Academy. He took his first steps in the FSB of St. Petersburg, climbing the ladder from an ordinary detective to the head of the economic security service. In 2002, he was appointed to the post of head of the FSB of the Lipetsk region.
Since 2015, Lieutenant General Menshchikov has been in charge of the 1st FSB Service, responsible for counterintelligence. He began working in security agencies in 1983. In 2014, Menshchikov was appointed by presidential decree as the chief responsible for managing special programs. Has state awards.
Sedov Alexey Semenovich
Russian intelligence officer, army general. Since 2006, he was elected to the post of head of the 2nd FSB Service. This is the service responsible for protecting the constitutional order and combating terrorism. Over the years, he was the head of the FSNP department for Moscow, deputy chairman of the State Drug Control Service, and head of the FSNP for the North-Western District.
Shishin Sergey Vladimirovich
Entered the KGB school in 1984. He made a difficult journey from an ordinary employee to a colonel general in the FSB. He took part in military operations in Afghanistan, and later in Chechnya and Dagestan. From 2002 to 2004, he was the head of the FSB’s own security. From 2004 to 2006, he served as deputy director of the FSB, heading the 7th service (this is the service that ensures the activities of the structure). Today Shishin works as senior vice president of VTB.
Yakovlev Yuri Vladimirovich
From 2008 to 2016 he worked as head of the 4th FSB Service. During his service, Yuri Vladimirovich was awarded the rank of army general. Currently he is the General Director of Rosatom Corporation. Worked in security agencies from 1976 to 2016. In 2016, Putin signed a decree dismissing Yakovlev. Awarded many state awards.
Korolev Sergey Borisovich
Lieutenant General of the FSB, headed the 4th FSB Service from 2016 to May 2018. This Service ensured the economic security of the FSB. Korolev began serving in the FSB in 2000, in St. Petersburg. Then he became an adviser to the Minister of Defense, head of the FSB's own security department. Korolev’s team handled many high-profile cases, and during his time there were massive layoffs of security officials.
Deputy Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation since April 1999 (he was reappointed in this position in May 2000); born on March 11, 1947 in the village of Gudri-Olum, Kyzyl-Atrek region, Turkmen SSR; Graduated from the Moscow Civil Engineering Institute named after. V.V. Kuibyshev in 1969; He began his career as a worker in the construction and installation department of the Ashgabatstroy trust (Ashgabat, Turkmen SSR); from 1969 he worked as a foreman at the Ashgabat installation trust "Turkmensantehmontazh"; since 1972, he served in state security agencies (KGB of the USSR, Ministry of Security of Russia, Federal Grid Company of Russia) in various positions; from 1994 - Deputy Director of the Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK), then until April 1999 - First Deputy Director of the Federal Security Service (FSB) of the Russian Federation; Colonel General; awarded the title "Honorary Counterintelligence Officer", awarded the Order of Courage and the Order of Military Merit; married, has two daughters.
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"Sobolev, Valentin Alekseevich" in books
A. L. Sobolev. Biographical sketch
From the book Tenderer than the Sky. Collection of poems author Minaev Nikolay NikolaevichA. L. Sobolev. Biographical sketch Embittered in many years of wars, annoyed by a series of defeats, ferocious Libyan, Numidian, and Greek mercenaries occupied the ancient city. The state treasury was already meager, and the monstrous indemnity to Rome depleted it
KOZHEVNIKOV Valentin Alekseevich
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- Valentin Alekseevich, what, in the opinion of the Russian Security Council, are modern threats and challenges?
Along with such “classical” problems as regional crises and conflicts, terrorism, political and religious extremism in its various manifestations, separatism, drug trafficking, environmental and man-made disasters, threats of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, are becoming an increasingly serious threat to international security. organized crime. Whatever the order in which these problems are posed, it is clear that taken together they represent a powerful explosive potential and have a direct impact on the security of both individual states and the international community as a whole. It is possible to effectively counter modern security threats, especially in the era of globalization, on the one hand, through further expansion and improvement of international cooperation, and on the other, through strengthening interaction within states between government and society. Terrorism remains among the most significant global threats as an extreme form of extremist activity.
Its characteristic modern features are:
Firstly, geographic expansion and internationalization. To date, more than 50 countries have experienced the consequences of terrorist attacks. Among the most affected are Iraq, India, Indonesia, Colombia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Russia, Israel, Great Britain, Egypt;
Secondly, the special cruelty and purposefulness of terrorism. The number of actions committed by suicide bombers over three years has increased 5 times. In 2005 alone, more than 11 thousand terrorist attacks were committed in the world, in which more than 74 thousand people were injured. Moreover, the victims of these actions, carried out in most cases at cultural and transport facilities, in crowded places, in religious buildings, etc., were civilians and children;
Thirdly, terrorism makes very active use of modern technologies. Terrorists are increasingly attempting to gain access to weapons of mass destruction and their components. As a result of their activities, concepts such as cyberterrorism, ecoterrorism, agroterrorism, etc. appeared. I would like to draw attention to the special potential threat of the relationship between the two most dangerous types of terrorism - nuclear terrorism and cyber terrorism.
Do you think this is really real?
The possibility of nuclear terrorism in our time is not so fantastic, and the consequences can be catastrophic. This is confirmed by the facts of emergency incidents associated with the use of computer technologies in nuclear energy and industry. In 1992, due to the introduction of an electronic Trojan Horse virus into the computer of the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant in Lithuania, an accident similar to Chernobyl could have occurred. In September 1999, a hacker penetrated the network of the American Lawrence Livermore Atomic Laboratory, causing losses in excess of $50,000.
An Israeli research group conducted a massive study of 36 million Internet addresses in 214 countries. The group’s specialists found over 730 thousand vulnerabilities, including in the information systems of nuclear research centers in the USA, India and France. In 1999, hard drives containing classified information about nuclear weapons were stolen from Los Alamos National Laboratory. The imperfection of the fissile materials control system and anti-terrorism legislation in almost all countries objectively increases the likelihood of nuclear weapons falling into the hands of terrorists.
You named strengthening interaction within states between government and society as one of the main ways to counter terrorism... How should this happen?
Yes, today it is impossible to effectively combat manifestations of extremism without the increasing involvement of civil society, including public organizations, without improving the system of interaction between state and public structures in this area with the media. World historical experience shows that extremism begins with an idea. If at the level of ideas it does not receive a rebuff, if some extremist postulate or challenge has not been noticed, then gradually forces appear that put them into action to achieve their goals, take these slogans into service and try to solve their economic, political, and often and criminal tasks.
The most dangerous extremism is based on interreligious and interethnic relations, when one, in general, ordinary factor can stir up the world. Everyone is well aware of the wave of protests by supporters of the Muslim religion after the publication of scandalous cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad in a Danish magazine. The problem of countering extremism is international in nature, since an integral element of the doctrines of most radical organizations is the principle of a total war for the triumph of their ideas without borders and rules. Extreme forms of their expression have recently become more widespread and varied in Europe, especially among young people.
Another pressing problem of our time is the illegal distribution of drugs. The danger of this phenomenon is greatly enhanced by the fact that a significant portion of the proceeds from the drug trade is used to finance terrorism. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the vector of terrorist threats essentially coincides with the hotbeds of drug aggression. The global trend towards an exacerbation of the drug situation since the early 90s has actually manifested itself in Russia. Our country is increasingly being drawn into the orbit of the international drug business, which is striving to actively use its territory not only for transit, but also as a drug market. As a result, the rate of spread of drug addiction has acquired proportions that directly threaten the health of the nation and the security of the state. Drug addiction among the younger generation is of particular concern. Despite some results, primarily in the law enforcement sphere, we have not yet been able to achieve a fundamental turning point in the fight against this phenomenon. So far, there is a predominance of forceful and prohibitive methods of solving this social problem over preventive ones.
It seems that special attention in the joint work of the government and society must be paid to countering the so-called information-oriented extremism. First of all, this is due to the fact that the capabilities of the global Internet are becoming increasingly important in the activities of extremists and terrorists. The Internet attracts terrorist groups with ease of access; weak or complete absence of censorship and any government control; the presence of a huge potential audience of users scattered around the world; anonymity of communication; fast and relatively cheap dissemination of information.
When developing Russian state policy regarding the use of the Internet, the Security Council of the Russian Federation is based on the following basic principles:
First. The Internet is an open system, and its main advantage and distinctive feature is the possibility of free access to information resources. In conditions of lack of spirituality and culture, direct prohibitive measures are not always effective, and often lead to the opposite result. Heavy administrative interference and censorship can quickly eliminate all the benefits of the network. The Internet space must remain open, and real control over it is possible only on the basis of intellectual, spiritual and moral superiority on the network, in the process of purposeful work to create and support appropriate network resources.
Second. The Internet must not be allowed to be used to incite national, religious and racial hostility, xenophobia, or conduct extremist propaganda, including recruiting new members for terrorist and extremist groups.
Third. In the context of the globalization of computer systems, it is necessary to ensure the timely detection and suppression of possible acts of cyberterrorism and cybercrime, which have already become widespread in many countries.
I will give an example of an assessment of the situation on the Internet made in May 2006 by the American Rand Corporation. Currently, almost all terrorist, extremist and rebel organizations and groups have their own Internet sites. Despite their large number and geographical dispersion, they all share common features. This is attractiveness (thanks to color and graphic design), thoughtfulness of the interface and focus on youth. Chechen separatists, in particular, also created a number of their own Internet sites ("Caucasus Center", "Chechen Center" and others).
According to American researcher Gabriel Weymann, there are now over 4,800 sites on the Internet belonging to extremist organizations. In 1998, there were only 12. The opinion of Israeli experts is indicative, who note that Hamas activists widely use the capabilities of the global network to coordinate the activities of militant groups.
The Internet allows terrorist organizations to reach a huge audience to promote their goals and ideology, exchange information, including visual information - in the form of maps, military and technical documentation. Research has shown that, according to al-Qaeda instructions, up to 80% of the information required to organize a terrorist attack can be obtained from the Internet. The study of computers captured from terrorists in Afghanistan indicates attempts to create software to simulate the development of catastrophic consequences as a result of various failures in their functioning or the impact on critical infrastructure.
And what are the main goals of terrorists?
There are many of them. But the main thing is that the goals pursued by extremists and terrorists are not limited to the history, politics or other circumstances of a single state or group of states, but relate to plans to forcibly change the situation or policy in large territories and in the world as a whole. Suffice it to recall the idea of creating a “World Islamic Caliphate” or the announcement of the leaders of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda about the creation of the Islamic state of Waziristan in the north-west of Pakistan, near the border with Afghanistan. Terrorists are in dire need of publicity and therefore try to be as closely associated with the activities of the media as possible. Through the media they convey their “message” to the public, it is through them that the public learns about acts of violence. The media, in turn, sometimes, when covering the activities of terrorists, are often guided by their own interests, while justifying the fair saying: “No bad news, no news.”
The latest example of such relationships. At the end of October this year, the British satellite TV channel Sky News provided an opportunity for one of the Taliban field commanders, Mullah Mohammed Amin, to declare his readiness to export terrorism and carry out terrorist attacks in European countries against ordinary people using remote-controlled bombs, anti-personnel mines, as well as other actions carried out by suicide bombers. Earlier, in the summer of 2005, one of the popular national channels in the United States, ABC News, aired an interview with the bloodiest Chechen terrorist, Shamil Basayev, who had already been recognized as a terrorist by the entire world community. Such facts flagrantly violate UN Security Council Resolution 1373 of 2001, which requires UN members to “refrain from providing any form of support - active or passive - to organizations or individuals involved in terrorist acts.”
It is appropriate here to talk about journalistic ethics, about the professional qualities of those who order and organize such interviews. In conclusion, I would like to note that extremists have neither nationality nor religion. On the contrary, it is religion and national culture that now, more than ever, need protection from the destructive effects of extremism of any kind. Respectful dialogue between different faiths and civilizations, prevention of xenophobia, and education of tolerance are necessary. Russia, deployed both to the West and to the East, is ready to play its role in this process, which is designed to prevent a civilizational breakdown.
